Reduction of Graphene Oxide by New Chemical and Green Methods

Document Type : UFGNSM Conference

Authors

1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria

2 Faculty member, Analytical Chemistry and Nanochemistry, The Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, Iran

Abstract

This research deals with the preparation of Graphene Oxide (GO) from Graphite using Hummers method and then reduction of GO by three different methods (local olive leaf extract method, pure oleic acid method and sodium hypochlorite - urea in an alkaline medium method). The reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) was analysed by infrared FTIR in the range of 400-4000 cm-1, and it was found that there are functional groups of oxygen such as epoxy group, and carbonyl group. Then rGO was analysed by UV-VIS spectroscopy in the range of 200-800 nm. Also, the structure and particle size of these sheets were studied by FESEM and EDX. It was revealed that the dimensions of the formed rGO by local olive leaf were within 500 nm-20 μm, while the reduction by chemical method in the presence of sodium hypochlorite and urea in an alkaline medium led in to a particle size in the range of 200 nm-2μm. Based on the EDX result, the GO composition is 53.22% carbon and 29.67% oxygen. The best method for synthesize of rGO was pure oleic acid method at temperature of 440 ℃ with a heating rate of 2.3 ℃/min. In this method, the particles were in the range of 200 nm-2 μm and based on EDX results, they were composed of 72.04% carbon and 24.32% oxygen.

Keywords


  1. Lai Q, Zhu S, Luo X, Zou M, Huang S. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy of graphene oxides. AIP Advances. 2012;2(3):032146.
  2. Jaafar E, Kashif M, Sahari SK, Ngaini Z. Study on Morphological, Optical and Electrical Properties of Graphene Oxide (GO) and Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO). Materials Science Forum. 2018;917:112-6.
  3. Ms S, S S. Investigation of Graphene Oxide in Diesel Soot. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY. 2017;5(1).
  4. Baioun, Abeer, Hassan Kellawi, and AhamedFalah. "A modified electrode by a facile green preparation of reduced graphene oxide utilizing olive leaves extract." Carbon letters 24 (2017): 47-54.‏
  5. abeerbaioun, hassankellawi and ahamedfalah, preparation of nano iron complexes , organic m nonorganic composites modified electrodes for sensory , electrochromic and photovoltaic electrocatalyties applications ,department of chemistry, faculty of science, Damascus university, Damascus 30621, Syria(2019)P89-90.
  6. Pei S, Cheng H-M. The reduction of graphene oxide. Carbon. 2012;50(9):3210-28.
  7. Graphene Quantum Dots. Carbon Nanomaterials: Taylor & Francis; 2016. p. 223-44.
  8. Smith AT, LaChance AM, Zeng S, Liu B, Sun L. Synthesis, properties, and applications of graphene oxide/reduced graphene oxide and their nanocomposites. Nano Materials Science. 2019;1(1):31-47.
  9. Casiraghi C, Pisana S, Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Ferrari AC. Raman fingerprint of charged impurities in graphene. Applied Physics Letters. 2007;91(23):233108.
  10. Lee C, Wei X, Kysar JW, Hone J. Measurement of the Elastic Properties and Intrinsic Strength of Monolayer Graphene. Science. 2008;321(5887):385-8.
  11. Eluyemi MS, Eleruja MA, Adedeji AV, Olofinjana B, Fasakin O, Akinwunmi OO, et al. Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Thin Films Deposited by Spray Pyrolysis Method. Graphene. 2016;05(03):143-54.
  12. Navaee A, Salimi A. Efficient amine functionalization of graphene oxide through the Bucherer reaction: an extraordinary metal-free electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction. RSC Advances. 2015;5(74):59874-80.
  13. Abdolhosseinzadeh S, Asgharzadeh H, Seop Kim H. Fast and fully-scalable synthesis of reduced graphene oxide. Scientific reports. 2015;5:10160-.
  14. Sabir A, Wasim M, Shafiq M, Jamil T. Carbon Nanotube and Graphene Oxide Based Membranes. Nanoscale Materials in Water Purification: Elsevier; 2019. p. 361-81.
  15. Karthik P, Vinesh V, Anpo M, Neppolian B. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO)–supported mixed metal oxide catalysts for photocatalytic reactions. Current Developments in Photocatalysis and Photocatalytic Materials: Elsevier; 2020. p. 403-16.
  16. Siburian R, Sihotang H, Lumban Raja S, Supeno M, Simanjuntak C. New Route to Synthesize of Graphene Nano Sheets. Oriental Journal of Chemistry. 2018;34(1):182-7.
  17. Mao S, Pu H, Chen J. Graphene oxide and its reduction: modeling and experimental progress. RSC Advances. 2012;2(7):2643.
  18. Singh RK, Kumar R, Singh DP. Graphene oxide: strategies for synthesis, reduction and frontier applications. RSC Advances. 2016;6(69):64993-5011.
  19. Bharech, Somnath, and Richa Kumar. "A review on the properties and applications of graphene." J Mater SciMechEng 2.10 (2015): 70.‏
  20. Roy I, Rana D, Sarkar G, Bhattacharyya A, Saha NR, Mondal S, et al. Physical and electrochemical characterization of reduced graphene oxide/silver nanocomposites synthesized by adopting a green approach. RSC Advances. 2015;5(32):25357-64.
  21. Alshahrani A, Bin-Shuwaish MS, Al-Hamdan RS, Almohareb T, Maawadh AM, Al Deeb M, et al. Graphene oxide nano-filler based experimental dentine adhesive. A SEM / EDX, Micro-Raman and microtensile bond strength analysis. Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials. 2020;18:228080002096693.
  22. Song J, Wang X, Chang C-T. Preparation and Characterization of Graphene Oxide. Journal of Nanomaterials. 2014;2014:1-6.
  23. Justh N, Berke B, László K, Szilágyi IM. Thermal analysis of the improved Hummers’ synthesis of graphene oxide. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2018;131(3):2267-72.
  24. Wu Z, Zhang C, Peng K, Wang Q, Wang Z. Hydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic graphene oxide membrane intercalated by TiO2 nanotubes for oil/water separation. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering. 2018;12(3).
  25. Sun L, Fugetsu B. Mass production of graphene oxide from expanded graphite. Materials Letters. 2013;109:207-10.
  26. Shahriary L, Ghourchian H, Athawale AA. Graphene-Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Hybrids Synthesized by Gamma Radiations: Application as a Glucose Sensor. Journal of Nanotechnology. 2014;2014:1-10.
  27. Hummers WS, Offeman RE. Preparation of Graphitic Oxide. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1958;80(6):1339-.
  28. Dey RS, Hajra S, Sahu RK, Raj CR, Panigrahi MK. A rapid room temperature chemical route for the synthesis of graphene: metal-mediated reduction of graphene oxide. Chemical Communications. 2012;48(12):1787.
  29. Chua CK, Pumera M. The reduction of graphene oxide with hydrazine: elucidating its reductive capability based on a reaction-model approach. Chemical Communications. 2016;52(1):72-5.
  30. Chua CK, Pumera M. The reduction of graphene oxide with hydrazine: elucidating its reductive capability based on a reaction-model approach. Chemical Communications. 2016;52(1):72-5.
  31. Bhattacharya G, Sas S, Wadhwa S, Mathur A, McLaughlin J, Roy SS. Aloe vera assisted facile green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide for electrochemical and dye removal applications. RSC Advances. 2017;7(43):26680-8.
  32. Luo D, Zhang G, Liu J, Sun X. Evaluation Criteria for Reduced Graphene Oxide. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2011;115(23):11327-35.
  33. Alam SN, Sharma N, Kumar L. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide (GO) by Modified Hummers Method and Its Thermal Reduction to Obtain Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO)*. Graphene. 2017;06(01):1-18.
  34. Habte AT, Ayele DW. Synthesis and Characterization of Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) Started from Graphene Oxide (GO) Using the Tour Method with Different Parameters. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. 2019;2019:1-9.
  35. Zhang J, Yang H, Shen G, Cheng P, Zhang J, Guo S. Reduction of graphene oxide vial-ascorbic acid. Chem Commun. 2010;46(7):1112-4.
  36. Wijaya R, Andersan G, Permatasari Santoso S, Irawaty W. Green Reduction of Graphene Oxide using Kaffir Lime Peel Extract (Citrus hystrix) and Its Application as Adsorbent for Methylene Blue. Scientific reports. 2020;10(1):667-.
  37. Amir Faiz MS, Che Azurahanim CA, Raba'ah SA, Ruzniza MZ. Low cost and green approach in the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) using palm oil leaves extract for potential in industrial applications. Results in Physics. 2020;16:102954.
  38. Calderon-Ayala G, Cortez-Valadez M, Mani-Gonzalez PG, Britto Hurtado R, Contreras-Rascon JI, Carrillo-Torres RC, et al. Green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide using ball milling. Carbon letters. 2017;21:93-7.
  39. Hou D, Liu Q, Cheng H, Zhang H, Wang S. Green reduction of graphene oxide via Lycium barbarum extract. Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 2017;246:351-6.
  40. Witika BA, Smith VJ, Walker RB. Top-Down Synthesis of a Lamivudine-Zidovudine Nano Co-Crystal. Crystals. 2021;11(1):33.
  41. Yang S, Zhang J. Deposition of YBCO nanoparticles on graphene nanosheets by using matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation. Optics & Laser Technology. 2019;109:465-9.
  42. Zheng P, Wu N. Fluorescence and Sensing Applications of Graphene Oxide and Graphene Quantum Dots: A Review. Chem Asian J. 2017;12(18):2343-53.
  43. Chung C, Kim Y-K, Shin D, Ryoo S-R, Hong BH, Min D-H. Biomedical Applications of Graphene and Graphene Oxide. Accounts of Chemical Research. 2013;46(10):2211-24.
  44. Azimzadeh M, Nasirizadeh N, Rahaie M, Naderi-Manesh H. Early detection of Alzheimer's disease using a biosensor based on electrochemically-reduced graphene oxide and gold nanowires for the quantification of serum microRNA-137. RSC Advances. 2017;7(88):55709-19.
  45. Dubey A, Dave S, Lakhani M, Sharma A. Applications of graphene for communication, electronics and medical fields: A review. 2016 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, and Optimization Techniques (ICEEOT); 2016/03: IEEE; 2016.
  46. Zhu Y, Murali S, Cai W, Li X, Suk JW, Potts JR, et al. Graphene and Graphene Oxide: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. Advanced Materials. 2010;22(35):3906-24.
  47. Plastiras O-E, Deliyanni E, Samanidou V. Applications of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials in Environmental Analysis. Applied Sciences. 2021;11(7):3028.
  48. Lü M, Li J, Yang X, Zhang C, Yang J, Hu H, et al. Applications of graphene-based materials in environmental protection and detection. Chinese Science Bulletin. 2013;58(22):2698-710.
  49. Giannakoudakis DA, Bandosz TJ. Graphite Oxide Nanocomposites for Air Stream Desulfurization. Composite Nanoadsorbents: Elsevier; 2019. p. 1-24.
  50. Drewniak S, Muzyka R, Stolarczyk A, Pustelny T, Kotyczka-Morańska M, Setkiewicz M. Studies of Reduced Graphene Oxide and Graphite Oxide in the Aspect of Their Possible Application in Gas Sensors. Sensors (Basel). 2016;16(1):103.
  51. Shen S, Wang J, Wu Z, Du Z, Tang Z, Yang J. Graphene Quantum Dots with High Yield and High Quality Synthesized from Low Cost Precursor of Aphanitic Graphite. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2020;10(2):375.
  52. Liu Y-Z, Chen C-M, Li Y-F, Li X-M, Kong Q-Q, Wang M-Z. Crumpled reduced graphene oxide by flame-induced reduction of graphite oxide for supercapacitive energy storage. J Mater Chem A. 2014;2(16):5730-7.
  53. Thomas HR, Day SP, Woodruff WE, Vallés C, Young RJ, Kinloch IA, et al. Deoxygenation of Graphene Oxide: Reduction or Cleaning? Chemistry of Materials. 2013;25(18):3580-8.
  54. Tene T, Tubon Usca G, Guevara M, Molina R, Veltri F, Arias M, et al. Toward Large-Scale Production of Oxidized Graphene. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2020;10(2):279.
  55. Minitha CR, Rajendrakumar RT. Synthesis and Characterization of Reduced Graphene Oxide. Advanced Materials Research. 2013;678:56-60.
  56. Aziz M, Abdul Halim FS, Jaafar J. Preparation and Characterization of Graphene Membrane Electrode Assembly. Jurnal Teknologi. 2014;69(9).
  57. Al-Gaashani R, Najjar A, Zakaria Y, Mansour S, Atieh MA. XPS and structural studies of high quality graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide prepared by different chemical oxidation methods. Ceramics International. 2019;45(11):14439-48.
  58. Naushad M, Ahamad T, Ubaidullah M, Ahmed J, Ghafar AA, Al-Sheetan KM, et al. Nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs)/Co3O4 nanocomposite for high performance supercapacitor. Journal of King Saud University - Science. 2021;33(1):101252.
  59. Gurushantha K, Anantharaju KS, Renuka L, Sharma SC, Nagaswarupa HP, Prashantha SC, et al. New green synthesized reduced graphene oxide–ZrO2 composite as high performance photocatalyst under sunlight. RSC Advances. 2017;7(21):12690-703.
  60. Ma F, Wang Z, Zhao H, Tian S. Plasma depolymerization of chitosan in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. International journal of molecular sciences. 2012;13(6):7788-97.
  61. Strankowski M, Włodarczyk D, Piszczyk Ł, Strankowska J. Polyurethane Nanocomposites Containing Reduced Graphene Oxide, FTIR, Raman, and XRD Studies. Journal of Spectroscopy. 2016;2016:1-6.
  62. Rattana, Chaiyakun S, Witit-anun N, Nuntawong N, Chindaudom P, Oaew S, et al. Preparation and characterization of graphene oxide nanosheets. Procedia Engineering. 2012;32:759-64.
  63. Surekha G, Krishnaiah KV, Ravi N, Padma Suvarna R. FTIR, Raman and XRD analysis of graphene oxide films prepared by modified Hummers method. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2020;1495(1):012012.
  64. Smirnov A, Solís Pinargote NW, Peretyagin N, Pristinskiy Y, Peretyagin P, Bartolomé JF. Zirconia Reduced Graphene Oxide Nano-Hybrid Structure Fabricated by the Hydrothermal Reaction Method. Materials (Basel). 2020;13(3):687.
  65. Zarrabi M, Haghighi M, Alizadeh R. Sonoprecipitation dispersion of ZnO nanoparticles over graphene oxide used in photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue in aqueous solution: Influence of irradiation time and power. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. 2018;48:370-82.
  66. Hidayah NMS, Liu W-W, Lai C-W, Noriman NZ, Khe C-S, Hashim U, et al. Comparison on graphite, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide: Synthesis and characterization. AIP Conference Proceedings: Author(s); 2017.
  67. Won-Chun OH, Chen M-L, Zhang K, Zhang F-J, Jang W-K, Zhang F-J. The effect of thermal and ultrasonic treatment on formation of graphene oxide nanosheets. Journal of the Korean Physical Society. 2010;56(4):1097-102.
  68. Kiritsakis K, Kontominas MG, Kontogiorgis C, Hadjipavlou-Litina D, Moustakas A, Kiritsakis A. Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Olive Leaf Extracts from Greek Olive Cultivars. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 2010;87(4):369-76.
  69. Masyithah, Zuhrina, Lawrena Valentine Sitohang, and Maria Paula Sihombing. "Synthesis of azelaic acid from oleic acid with green oxidant H2O2/H2WO4." J Eng Applied Sci 24 (2017): 7031-8.
  70. Brenna E, Colombo D, Di Lecce G, Gatti FG, Ghezzi MC, Tentori F, et al. Conversion of Oleic Acid into Azelaic and Pelargonic Acid by a Chemo-Enzymatic Route. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2020;25(8):1882.