Journal of Ultrafine Grained and Nanostructured Materials

Journal of Ultrafine Grained and Nanostructured Materials

Optimizing the Stabilization Temperature of Electrospun PAN Fibers Used for Synthesis of Carbon Nanofibers

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors
zahra yousefi
Nafiseh Koohestani
danesh amiri
Robabeh Abdinia
ata Kamyabi-Gol
Elham Kamali Heidari
Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
10.22059/jufgnsm.2021.01.05
Abstract
Electrospinning, stabilization and carbonization are three steps of synthesizing electrospun carbon nanofibers (CNF), using polyacrylonitrile (PAN) precursor. In this study, the effect of the stabilization temperature was studied on the morphology and chemical state of the electrospun PAN fibers, which were later carbonized to produce carbon nanofibers. the stabilization was carried out on electrospun PAN fibers, at different temperatures of 230 °C, 240 °C, 250 °C and 280 °C for 2h with a heating rate of 2 °C/min. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to inspect the progress of stabilization reactions. The crystallinity and composition was studied by X ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the morphology of the fibers. The results showed that 230 oC is the best stabilization temperature in which not only all expected reactions take place but also the fibrous morphology is preserved. Higher temperatures led to destruction of the fibrous morphology.
Keywords
Electrospinning
PAN
Stabilization
CNF
1. Jalili R, Morshed M, Ravandi SAH. Fundamental parameters affecting electrospinning of PAN nanofibers as uniaxially aligned fibers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2006;101(6):4350-7.
2. Dhakate SR, Gupta A, Chaudhari A, Tawale J, Mathur RB. Morphology and thermal properties of PAN copolymer based electrospun nanofibers. Synthetic Metals. 2011;161(5-6):411-9.
3. Thompson CJ, Chase GG, Yarin AL, Reneker DH. Effects of parameters on nanofiber diameter determined from electrospinning model. Polymer. 2007;48(23):6913-22.
4. Qin X-H. Structure and property of electrospinning PAN nanofibers by different preoxidation temperature. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2009;99(2):571-5.
5. Gu SY, Ren J, Wu QL. Preparation and structures of electrospun PAN nanofibers as a precursor of carbon nanofibers. Synthetic Metals. 2005;155(1):157-61.
6. Begum HA, Khan KR. Study on the various types of needle based and needleless electrospinning system for nanofiber production. Int. J. Text. Sci. 2017;6:110-7.
7. Zhang B, Kang F, Tarascon J-M, Kim J-K. Recent advances in electrospun carbon nanofibers and their application in electrochemical energy storage. Progress in Materials Science. 2016;76:319-80.
8. Feng L, Xie N, Zhong J. Carbon Nanofibers and Their Composites: A Review of Synthesizing, Properties and Applications. Materials (Basel). 2014;7(5):3919-45.
9. Kil H-S, Jang SY, Ko S, Jeon YP, Kim H-C, Joh H-I, et al. Effects of stabilization variables on mechanical properties of isotropic pitch based carbon fibers. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 2018;58:349-56.
10. Rahaman MSA, Ismail AF, Mustafa A. A review of heat treatment on polyacrylonitrile fiber. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 2007;92(8):1421-32.
11. Yamane A, Sawai D, Kameda T, Kanamoto T, Ito M, Porter RS. Development of High Ductility and Tensile Properties upon Two-Stage Draw of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Poly(acrylonitrile). Macromolecules. 1997;30(14):4170-8.
12. Liu J, Zhou P, Zhang L, Ma Z, Liang J, Fong H. Thermo-chemical reactions occurring during the oxidative stabilization of electrospun polyacrylonitrile precursor nanofibers and the resulting structural conversions. Carbon. 2009;47(4):1087-95.
13. Zhang P, Shao C, Zhang Z, Zhang M, Mu J, Guo Z, et al. In situ assembly of well-dispersed Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) on electrospun carbon nanofibers (CNFs) for catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol. Nanoscale. 2011;3(8):3357.
14. Sun G, Sun L, Xie H, Liu J. Electrospinning of Nanofibers for Energy Applications. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2016;6(7):129.
15. Shi X, Zhou W, Ma D, Ma Q, Bridges D, Ma Y, et al. Electrospinning of Nanofibers and Their Applications for Energy Devices. Journal of Nanomaterials. 2015;2015:1-20.
16. Faccini M, Borja G, Boerrigter M, Morillo Martín D, Martìnez Crespiera S, Vázquez-Campos S, et al. Electrospun Carbon Nanofiber Membranes for Filtration of Nanoparticles from Water. Journal of Nanomaterials. 2015;2015:1-9.
17. Mao X, Simeon F, Rutledge GC, Hatton TA. Electrospun Carbon Nanofiber Webs with Controlled Density of States for Sensor Applications. Advanced Materials. 2012;25(9):1309-14.
18. Hong X, Chung DDL. Carbon nanofiber mats for electromagnetic interference shielding. Carbon. 2017;111:529-37.
19. Zhou Z, Lai C, Zhang L, Qian Y, Hou H, Reneker DH, et al. Development of carbon nanofibers from aligned electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofiber bundles and characterization of their microstructural, electrical, and mechanical properties. Polymer. 2009;50(13):2999-3006.
20. Alarifi IM, Khan WS, Asmatulu R. Synthesis of electrospun polyacrylonitrile- derived carbon fibers and comparison of properties with bulk form. PLoS One. 2018;13(8):e0201345-e.
21. Fitzer E, Frohs W, Heine M. Optimization of stabilization and carbonization treatment of PAN fibres and structural characterization of the resulting carbon fibres. Carbon. 1986;24(4):387-95.
22. Nie G, Zhao X, Luan Y, Jiang J, Kou Z, Wang J. Key issues facing electrospun carbon nanofibers in energy applications: on-going approaches and challenges. Nanoscale. 2020;12(25):13225-48.
23. Yusof N, Ismail AF, Jaafar J, Salleh WNW, Hasbullah H. Effects of Stabilization Temperature on the Chemical and the Physical Properties of Polyacrylonitrile Stabilized Fibers. Advanced Materials Research. 2015;1112:402-5.
24. Wu M, Wang Q, Li K, Wu Y, Liu H. Optimization of stabilization conditions for electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 2012;97(8):1511-9.
25. Esrafilzadeh D, Morshed M, Tavanai H. An investigation on the stabilization of special polyacrylonitrile nanofibers as carbon or activated carbon nanofiber precursor. Synthetic Metals. 2009;159(3-4):267-72.
26. Duan Q, Wang B, Wang H. Effects of Stabilization Temperature on Structures and Properties of Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-Based Stabilized Electrospun Nanofiber Mats. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part B. 2012;51(12):2428-37.
27. Abouali S, Akbari Garakani M, Zhang B, Xu Z-L, Kamali Heidari E, Huang J-q, et al. Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers with in Situ Encapsulated Co3O4 Nanoparticles as Electrodes for High-Performance Supercapacitors. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 2015;7(24):13503-11.
Journal of Ultrafine Grained and Nanostructured Materials
Volume 54, Issue 1
June 2021
Pages 51-57

  • Receive Date 27 October 2020
  • Revise Date 01 February 2021
  • Accept Date 02 February 2021