Journal of Ultrafine Grained and Nanostructured Materials

Journal of Ultrafine Grained and Nanostructured Materials

Study on supercapacitance performance of TiO2 nanotube arrays modified by non-metal doping and Polyaniline electrodeposition methods

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors
Sh. Khameneh Asl
Mehri maghsoudi
Faezeh Gorbani
Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
10.22059/jufgnsm.2021.01.04
Abstract
Highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays were synthesized by a two-step anodizing method. Although TiO2 nanotubes have excellent electrical and capacitive properties because they provide a unidirectional path for electron transfer. But these properties can be improved by effective methods such as non-metallic doping or by a conductive polymer. For this purpose, nitrogen and hydrogen doping methods and electrical deposition of polyaniline were used simultaneously to prepare the polyaniline-TiO2, polyaniline/N-TiO2, and polyaniline/H-TiO2 nanotube arrays samples. To evaluate the electrochemical and capacitive properties in more detail, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Matt-Schottky, and galvanostatic charge-discharge tests were performed. The results showed that the composite of TiO2 doped with hydrogen and deposited with polyaniline nanowires had the highest capacitance (5666 µF.Cm-2) at the current density of 100 µA/cm2, approximately 4.5 times more than polyaniline/TiO2 sample. It also has the lowest charge transfer resistance (0.008 Ωcm2) and the highest charge carrier density (1.63×1024cm-3). Increasing the density of charge carriers and decreasing the electrical resistance can be attributed to the fact that the hydrogen doping, the presence of oxygen vacancies, and conductive polymer increase the rate of separation of the charge carriers and decrease their recombination rate. Therefore, the electron transfer rate and the electric current increase.
Keywords
TiO2 nanotube arrays
Non-metal doping
Polyaniline
EIS
Capacitive performance
1. Miller JR, Simon P. MATERIALS SCIENCE: Electrochemical Capacitors for Energy Management. Science. 2008;321(5889):651-2.
2. Kötz R, Carlen M. Principles and applications of electrochemical capacitors. Electrochimica Acta. 2000;45(15-16):2483-98.
3. Wang Y, Song Y, Xia Y. Electrochemical capacitors: mechanism, materials, systems, characterization and applications. Chemical Society Reviews. 2016;45(21):5925-50.
4. Hall PJ, Mirzaeian M, Fletcher SI, Sillars FB, Rennie AJR, Shitta-Bey GO, et al. Energy storage in electrochemical capacitors: designing functional materials to improve performance. Energy & Environmental Science. 2010;3(9):1238.
5. Simon P, Gogotsi Y. Materials for electrochemical capacitors. Nanoscience and Technology: Co-Published with Macmillan Publishers Ltd, UK; 2009. p. 320-9.
6. Wang G, Zhang L, Zhang J. A review of electrode materials for electrochemical supercapacitors. Chem Soc Rev. 2012;41(2):797-828.
7. Roy P, Berger S, Schmuki P. TiO2 Nanotubes: Synthesis and Applications. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2011;50(13):2904-39.
8. Lee K, Mazare A, Schmuki P. One-Dimensional Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials: Nanotubes. Chemical Reviews. 2014;114(19):9385-454.
9. Ge M-Z, Cao C-Y, Huang J-Y, Li S-H, Zhang S-N, Deng S, et al. Synthesis, modification, and photo/photoelectrocatalytic degradation applications of TiO2 nanotube arrays: a review. Nanotechnology Reviews. 2016;5(1).
10. Peighambardoust NS, Khameneh Asl S, Mohammadpour R, Asl SK. Band-gap narrowing and electrochemical properties in N-doped and reduced anodic TiO2 nanotube arrays. Electrochimica Acta. 2018;270:245-55.
11. Peighambardoust NS, Khameneh Asl S, Maghsoudi M. The effect of doping concentration of TiO2 nanotubes on energy levels and its direct correlation with photocatalytic activity. Thin Solid Films. 2019;690:137558.
12. Wu H, Li D, Zhu X, Yang C, Liu D, Chen X, et al. High-performance and renewable supercapacitors based on TiO2 nanotube array electrodes treated by an electrochemical doping approach. Electrochimica Acta. 2014;116:129-36.
13. Samsudin NA, Zainal Z, Lim HN, Sulaiman Y, Chang S-K, Lim Y-C, et al. Enhancement of Capacitive Performance in Titania Nanotubes Modified by an Electrochemical Reduction Method. Journal of Nanomaterials. 2018;2018:1-9.
14. Stejskal J, Kratochvíl P, Jenkins AD. The formation of polyaniline and the nature of its structures. Polymer. 1996;37(2):367-9.
15. Ćirić-Marjanović G. Recent advances in polyaniline research: Polymerization mechanisms, structural aspects, properties and applications. Synthetic Metals. 2013;177:1-47.
16. Nicolas-Debarnot D, Poncin-Epaillard F. Polyaniline as a new sensitive layer for gas sensors. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2003;475(1-2):1-15.
17. Xiao T, Wang X, Wang X, Li Z, Zhang L, Lv P, et al. Effects of monomer solvent on the supercapacitance performance of PANI/TiO2 nanotube arrays composite electrode. Materials Letters. 2018;230:245-8.
18. Zhao S, Chen Y, Zhao Z, Jiang L, Zhang C, Kong J, et al. Enhanced capacitance of TiO2 nanotubes topped with nanograss by H3PO4 soaking and hydrogenation doping. Electrochimica Acta. 2018;266:233-41.
19. Xing J, Zhang W, Yin M, Zhu X, Li D, Song Y. Electrodeposition of polyaniline in long TiO2 nanotube arrays for high-areal capacitance supercapacitor electrodes. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry. 2017;21(8):2349-54.
20. Faraji M. Interlaced polyaniline/carbon nanotube nanocomposite co-electrodeposited on TiO2 nanotubes/Ti for high-performance supercapacitors. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry. 2017;22(3):677-84.
21. Wang S, Xia Z, Li Q, Zhang Y. Fabrication of Polyaniline/Self-Doped TiO2Nanotubes Hybrids as Supercapacitor Electrode by Microwave-Assisted Chemical Reduction and Electrochemical Deposition. Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 2017;164(13):D901-D7.
22. Gvozdenovic M, Jugovic B, Stevanovic J, Grgur B. Electrochemical synthesis of electroconducting polymers. Chemical Industry. 2014;68(6):673-84.
23. Lu Z, Yip C-T, Wang L, Huang H, Zhou L. Hydrogenated TiO2Nanotube Arrays as High-Rate Anodes for Lithium-Ion Microbatteries. ChemPlusChem. 2012;77(11):991-1000.
24. Shao Q, Wang Y, Ge S, Bao L, Yang M, Zhu Y. Electrodeposition Synthesis of Polyaniline-Modified TiO2Nanotube Arrays with Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Property. Transactions of the Indian Ceramic Society. 2015;74(3):152-6.
25. Hashemi Monfared A, Jamshidi M. Synthesis of polyaniline/titanium dioxide nanocomposite (PAni/TiO2) and its application as photocatalyst in acrylic pseudo paint for benzene removal under UV/VIS lights. Progress in Organic Coatings. 2019;136:105257.
26. Lai L, Yang H, Wang L, Teh BK, Zhong J, Chou H, et al. Preparation of Supercapacitor Electrodes through Selection of Graphene Surface Functionalities. ACS Nano. 2012;6(7):5941-51.
27. Lasia A. Semiconductors and Mott-Schottky Plots. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and its Applications: Springer New York; 2013. p. 251-5.
28. Xie K, Li J, Lai Y, Zhang Za, Liu Y, Zhang G, et al. Polyaniline nanowire array encapsulated in titania nanotubes as a superior electrode for supercapacitors. Nanoscale. 2011;3(5):2202.
29. Chen J, Xia Z, Li H, Li Q, Zhang Y. Preparation of highly capacitive polyaniline/black TiO2 nanotubes as supercapacitor electrode by hydrogenation and electrochemical deposition. Electrochimica Acta. 2015;166:174-82.
30. Appadurai T, Subramaniyam C, Kuppusamy R, Karazhanov S, Subramanian B. Electrochemical Performance of Nitrogen-Doped TiO(2) Nanotubes as Electrode Material for Supercapacitor and Li-Ion Battery. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2019;24(16):2952.
Journal of Ultrafine Grained and Nanostructured Materials
Volume 54, Issue 1
June 2021
Pages 40-50

  • Receive Date 20 February 2021
  • Revise Date 29 April 2021
  • Accept Date 29 April 2021