3D Scaffold Designing based on Conductive/Degradable Tetrapolymeric Nanofibers of PHEMA-co-PNIPAAm-co-PCL/PANI for Bone Tissue Engineering

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran.

2 Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.

3 University of Applied Science and Technology, Tabriz, Iran.

Abstract

The hydrophilic, conducting, biocompatible and porous scaffolds were designed using poly(2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate)-co-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-co-poly(ε-caprolactone) (P(HEMA-b-NIPAAm-b-CL))/polyaniline (PANI) for the osteoblast applications. To this end, the PHEMA and P(HEMA-b-NIPAAm) were synthesized via reversible addition of fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, and in next step, the ε-caprolactone was polymerized from –OH group of PHEMA segments through the ring opening polymerization (ROP). The electroactivity, mechanical properties, and hydrophilicity of designed scaffolds played an important role in the adhesion, differentiation, and proliferation of MG63 cells. By using the PHEMA and PNIPAAm, the hydrophilicity and biocompatibility, and by employing the PCL, the appropriate mechanical properties were acquired. The addition of PANI in the composition induced the conductivity to scaffolds. The morphology, electrical conductivity, biocompatibility, hydrophilicity and mechanical characteristics of the nanofibers were thoroughly investigated. The scaffolds possessed a porous nanostructure (nanofiber diameter ranged in 60–130 nm) with a large surface area, electrical conductivity of 0.03 S cm–1 and contact angle of 49 ± 5 ͦ , which imitated the natural microenvironment of extra cellular matrix (ECM) to regulate the cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation. In vitro cytocompatibility studies were performed over 168 h and indicated that the nanofibers were non-toxic to MG63 cells and potent to the artificial nanostructured osteoblasting.

Keywords

References

  1. Lakard, B., et al., Effect of ultrasounds on the electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole, application to the adhesion and growth of biological cells. Bioelectrochemistry, 2009. 75(2): p. 148-157.
  2. Ghasemi-Mobarakeh, L., et al., Application of conductive polymers, scaffolds and electrical stimulation for nerve tissue engineering. Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 2011. 5(4): p. e17-e35.
  3. Huang, L., et al., Synthesis of Biodegradable and Electroactive Multiblock Polylactide and Aniline Pentamer Copolymer for Tissue Engineering Applications. Biomacromolecules, 2008. 9(3): p. 850-858.
  4. Rivers, T.J., T.W. Hudson, and C.E. Schmidt, Synthesis of a Novel, Biodegradable Electrically Conducting Polymer for Biomedical Applications. Advanced Functional Materials, 2002. 12(1): p. 33.
  5. Kotwal, A., Electrical stimulation alters protein adsorption and nerve cell interactions with electrically conducting biomaterials. Biomaterials, 2001. 22(10): p. 1055-1064.
  6. Lee, J.Y., et al., Polypyrrole-coated electrospun PLGA nanofibers for neural tissue applications. Biomaterials, 2009. 30(26): p. 4325-4335.
  7. Wallace, G.G., M. Smyth, and H. Zhao, Conducting electroactive polymer-based biosensors. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 1999. 18(4): p. 245-251.
  8. Kim, D.H., et al., Effect of Immobilized Nerve Growth Factor on Conductive Polymers: Electrical Properties and Cellular Response. Advanced Functional Materials, 2007. 17(1): p. 79-86.
  9. Garner, B., et al., Polypyrrole-heparin composites as stimulus-responsive substrates for endothelial cell growth. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 1999. 44(2): p. 121-129.
  10. Aoki, T., et al., Secretory function of adrenal chromaffin cells cultured on polypyrrole films. Biomaterials, 1996. 17(20): p. 1971-1974.
  11. Guiseppi-Elie, A., Electroconductive hydrogels: Synthesis, characterization and biomedical applications. Biomaterials, 2010. 31(10): p. 2701-2716.
  12. Balint, R., N.J. Cassidy, and S.H. Cartmell, Conductive polymers: Towards a smart biomaterial for tissue engineering. Acta Biomaterialia, 2014. 10(6): p. 2341-2353.
  13. Zhou, D.D., et al., Conducting Polymers in Neural Stimulation Applications, in Implantable Neural Prostheses 2. 2009, Springer New York. p. 217-252.
  14. Blinova, N.V., et al., Control of polyaniline conductivity and contact angles by partial protonation. Polymer International, 2008. 57(1): p. 66-69.
  15. Cullen, D.K., et al., Developing a tissue-engineered neural-electrical relay using encapsulated neuronal constructs on conducting polymer fibers. Journal of Neural Engineering, 2008. 5(4): p. 374-384.
  16. Borriello, A., et al., Optimizing PANi doped electroactive substrates as patches for the regeneration of cardiac muscle. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 2011. 22(4): p. 1053-1062.
  17. Guo, Y., et al., Electroactive Oligoaniline-Containing Self-Assembled Monolayers for Tissue Engineering Applications†. Biomacromolecules, 2007. 8(10): p. 3025-3034.
  18. Prabhakaran, M.P., et al., Electrospun conducting polymer nanofibers and electrical stimulation of nerve stem cells. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 2011. 112(5): p. 501-507.
  19. Yu, Q.-Z., et al., Morphology and conductivity of polyaniline sub-micron fibers prepared by electrospinning. Materials Science and Engineering: B, 2008. 150(1): p. 70-76.
  20. Zhang, Q.-S., et al., Synthesis of a novel biodegradable and electroactive polyphosphazene for biomedical application. Biomedical Materials, 2009. 4(3): p. 035008.
  21. Sarvari, R., et al., Novel three-dimensional, conducting, biocompatible, porous, and elastic polyaniline-based scaffolds for regenerative therapies. RSC Advances, 2016. 6(23): p. 19437-19451.
  22. Boccaccini, A.R. and J.E. Gough, Tissue engineering using ceramics and polymers. 2007, Woodhead Publishing Limited.
  23. Hollander, A.P. and P.V. Hatton, Biopolymer Methods in Tissue Engineering. 2003, Humana Press.
  24. Shadjou, N. and M. Hasanzadeh, Bone tissue engineering using silica-based mesoporous nanobiomaterials:Recent progress. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2015. 55: p. 401-409.
  25. Woodruff, M.A. and D.W. Hutmacher, The return of a forgotten polymer—Polycaprolactone in the 21st century. Progress in Polymer Science, 2010. 35(10): p. 1217-1256.
  26. Di Pasquale, N., et al., Solvent Structuring and Its Effect on the Polymer Structure and Processability: The Case of Water–Acetone Poly-ε-caprolactone Mixtures. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2014. 118(46): p. 13258-13267.
  27. Yang, Q., et al., Preparation of Polycaprolactone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds by Improved Solvent Casting/Particulate Leaching Method. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part B, 2006. 45(6): p. 1171-1181.
  28. Cannillo, V., et al., Production of Bioglass® 45S5 – Polycaprolactone composite scaffolds via salt-leaching. Composite Structures, 2010. 92(8): p. 1823-1832.
  29. Reignier, J. and M.A. Huneault, Preparation of interconnected poly(ε-caprolactone) porous scaffolds by a combination of polymer and salt particulate leaching. Polymer, 2006. 47(13): p. 4703-4717.
  30. Van der Schueren, L., et al., Polycaprolactone/chitosan blend nanofibres electrospun from an acetic acid/formic acid solvent system. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2012. 88(4): p. 1221-1226.
  31. Taherkhani, S. and F. Moztarzadeh, Fabrication of a poly(ɛ-caprolactone)/starch nanocomposite scaffold with a solvent-casting/salt-leaching technique for bone tissue engineering applications. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2016. 133(23).
  32. Reed, C.R., et al., Composite Tissue Engineering on Polycaprolactone Nanofiber Scaffolds. Annals of Plastic Surgery, 2009. 62(5): p. 505-512.
  33. Jha, B.S., et al., Two pole air gap electrospinning: Fabrication of highly aligned, three-dimensional scaffolds for nerve reconstruction. Acta Biomaterialia, 2011. 7(1): p. 203-215.
  34. Ghasemi-Mobarakeh, L., et al., Electrospun poly(ɛ-caprolactone)/gelatin nanofibrous scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 2008. 29(34): p. 4532-4539.
  35. Lim, Y.C., et al., Micropatterning and characterization of electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone)/gelatin nanofiber tissue scaffolds by femtosecond laser ablation for tissue engineering applications. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2010. 108(1): p. 116-126.
  36. Ramezanifard, R., et al., Biomimetic scaffolds containing nanofibers coated with willemite nanoparticles for improvement of stem cell osteogenesis. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2016. 62: p. 398-406.
  37. Cunha, C., S. Panseri, and S. Antonini, Emerging nanotechnology approaches in tissue engineering for peripheral nerve regeneration. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, 2011. 7(1): p. 50-59.
  38. Atyabi, S.M., et al., Cell Attachment and Viability Study of PCL Nano-fiber Modified by Cold Atmospheric Plasma. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2015. 74(2): p. 181-190.
  39. 39. Vozzi, G., et al., Collagen-gelatin-genipin-hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds colonized by human primary osteoblasts are suitable for bone tissue engineering applications:In vitroevidences. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2013. 102(5): p. 1415-1421.
  40. Azami, M., A. Samadikuchaksaraei, and S.A. Poursamar, Synthesis and Characterization of a Laminated Hydroxyapatite/Gelatin Nanocomposite Scaffold with Controlled Pore Structure for Bone Tissue Engineering. The International Journal of Artificial Organs, 2010. 33(2): p. 86-95.
  41. Maleki, H., et al., The influence of process parameters on the properties of electrospun PLLA yarns studied by the response surface methodology. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2014. 132(5): p. n/a-n/a.
  42. Safshekan, F., et al., Effect of hydrostatic pressure amplitude on chondrogenic differentiation of human adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells, in 2012 19th Iranian Conference of Biomedical Engineering (ICBME). 2012, IEEE.
  43. Sarvari, R., et al., Composite electrospun nanofibers of reduced graphene oxide grafted with poly(3-dodecylthiophene) and poly(3-thiophene ethanol) and blended with polycaprolactone. Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2017. 28(15): p. 1740-1761.
  44. Moad, G., E. Rizzardo, and S.H. Thang, ChemInform Abstract: RAFT Polymerization and Some of Its Applications. ChemInform, 2013. 44(44): p. no-no.
  45. Davaran, S., et al., Novel dual stimuli-responsive ABC triblock copolymer: RAFT synthesis, “schizophrenic” micellization, and its performance as an anticancer drug delivery nanosystem. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2017. 488: p. 282-293.
  46. Li, X. and J. Kolega, Effects of Direct Current Electric Fields on Cell Migration and Actin Filament Distribution in Bovine Vascular Endothelial Cells. Journal of Vascular Research, 2002. 39(5): p. 391-404.
  47. Pullar, C.E., R.R. Isseroff, and R. Nuccitelli, Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A plays a role in the directed migration of human keratinocytes in a DC electric field. Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton, 2001. 50(4): p. 207-217.
  48. Brown, M.J., Electric field-directed fibroblast locomotion involves cell surface molecular reorganization and is calcium independent. The Journal of Cell Biology, 1994. 127(1): p. 117-128.
  49. Ozawa, H., et al., Electric fields stimulate DNA synthesis of mouse osteoblast-like cells (MC3T3-E1) by
Journal of Ultrafine Grained and Nanostructured Materials
Volume 51, Issue 2
December 2018
Pages 101-114

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 30 November 1999
  • Accept Date: 30 November 1999

Share

How to cite

Statistics