Mechanical Alloying-Induced Nanostructuring and β-Ti Phase Formation in Ti-Sn-Mn and Ti-Zr-Sn-Mn Powders

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Advanced Materials and New Technologies, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), P.O. Box 33535111, Tehran, Iran

10.22059/jufgnsm.2025.02.02

Abstract

This study examines the structural evolution of Ti-5Sn-3Mn and Ti-10Zr-5Sn-3Mn (all wt. %) alloys during mechanical alloying. In the case of Ti-5Sn-3Mn, XRD results showed minor variation up to 20 h, followed by peak broadening and intensity reduction after 40 h due to grain refinement and strain accumulation. After 60 h, Sn and Mn peaks vanished, indicating their dissolution in the Ti lattice and formation of a β-Ti solid solution, while a Ti(101) peak shift confirmed change in lattice parameter. In the case of Ti-10Zr-5Sn-3Mn alloy, Zr addition promoted faster Sn dissolution and β-phase formation at shorter milling time. Both alloys developed stable nanocrystalline structures as crystallite size decreased with milling time. Moreover, a gradual reduction in particle size of the mill product occurred by increasing the milling time as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, particles reduction was associated with chemical homogeneity and uniform distribution.

Keywords

References

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Journal of Ultrafine Grained and Nanostructured Materials
Volume 58, Issue 2
December 2025
Pages 143-151

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History

  • Receive Date: 07 September 2025
  • Revise Date: 10 November 2025
  • Accept Date: 11 November 2025

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