Journal of Ultrafine Grained and Nanostructured Materials

Journal of Ultrafine Grained and Nanostructured Materials

An Effective Nitrogen Doping Technique for Improving the Performance of Lithium Ion Batteries with CNT Based Electrodes

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors
Seyed Mahmoud Hosseini
Alireza Mashayekhi
Seyed Ali Safiabadi Tali
Zeinab Sanaee
Nano-fabricated Energy Devices Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
10.22059/JUFGNSM.2019.01.08
Abstract
Lithium ion batteries are among the most used rechargeable batteries in the world. Carbon nanostructures including carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered as important electrode materials for this kind of batteries. Therefore improving the performance of these carbon based electrodes in Lithium ion batteries is an important issue and attracts much attention in the battery community. In this manuscript, a new method for high content Nitrogen doping on CNTs is reported as an efficient approach for enhancing the battery performance. Direct current-plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (DC-PECVD) system was used for nitrogen doping. Annealing with Nitrogen during CNT growth and plasma exposure after the growth has been used for Nitrogen doping of the CNTs. The growth was performed on an Indium Tin oxide (ITO) covered Silicon substrate. Implementation of Silicon substrate enables the possibility of future integration of other electronic circuits with the fabricated Lithium ion battery. Vertically aligned CNTs with an average diameter of around 150 nm and 4 um height has been obtained on this substrate. The synthesized CNTs was subsequently used as the electrode of Lithium ion battery in a half cell configuration. The results show a significant improvement of about 400% in the specific capacity of the battery as a result of Nitrogen doping. For Nitrogen doped CNT based battery, specific capacity of around 0.4 mAh/cm2 and coulombic efficiency of 97% were achieved after 28 cycles of charge/discharge with C rate of 2.5. This Nitrogen doping method is propped as an efficient technique for enhancing the performance of Lithium ion batteries with carbon based electrodes.
Keywords
Nitrogen doping
CNT
Li ion battery
Capacity
Anode electrode
1.            Pushparaj VL, Shaijumon MM, Kumar A, Murugesan S, Ci L, Vajtai R, et al. Flexible energy storage devices based on nanocomposite paper. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2007;104(34):13574-7.
2.            An KH, Kim WS, Park YS, Moon JM, Bae DJ, Lim SC, et al. Electrochemical Properties of High-Power Supercapacitors Using Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Electrodes. Advanced Functional Materials. 2001;11(5):387-92.
3.            Futaba DN, Hata K, Yamada T, Hiraoka T, Hayamizu Y, Kakudate Y, et al. Shape-engineerable and highly densely packed single-walled carbon nanotubes and their application as super-capacitor electrodes. Nature Materials. 2006;5(12):987-94.
4.            Kaempgen M, Chan CK, Ma J, Cui Y, Gruner G. Printable Thin Film Supercapacitors Using Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Nano Letters. 2009;9(5):1872-6.
5.            Zhang H, Cao G, Yang Y. Carbon nanotube arrays and their composites for electrochemical capacitors and lithium-ion batteries. Energy & Environmental Science. 2009;2(9):932.
6.            Wen L, Li F, Cheng H-M. Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene for Flexible Electrochemical Energy Storage: from Materials to Devices. Advanced Materials. 2016;28(22):4306-37.
7.            Pan S, Lin H, Deng J, Chen P, Chen X, Yang Z, et al. Novel Wearable Energy Devices Based on Aligned Carbon Nanotube Fiber Textiles. Advanced Energy Materials. 2014;5(4):1401438.
8.            An KH, Kim WS, Park YS, Moon JM, Bae DJ, Lim SC, et al. Electrochemical Properties of High-Power Supercapacitors Using Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Electrodes. Advanced Functional Materials. 2001;11(5):387-92.
9.            An KH, Kim WS, Park YS, Choi YC, Lee SM, Chung DC, et al. Supercapacitors Using Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Electrodes. Advanced Materials. 2001;13(7):497-500.
10.          Landi BJ, Ganter MJ, Cress CD, DiLeo RA, Raffaelle RP. Carbon nanotubes for lithium ion batteries. Energy & Environmental Science. 2009;2(6):638.
11.          de las Casas C, Li W. A review of application of carbon nanotubes for lithium ion battery anode material. Journal of Power Sources. 2012;208:74-85.
12.          Liu X-M, Huang Zd, Oh Sw, Zhang B, Ma P-C, Yuen MMF, et al. Carbon nanotube (CNT)-based composites as electrode material for rechargeable Li-ion batteries: A review. Composites Science and Technology. 2012;72(2):121-44.
13.          Zhang L, Zhao K, Yu R, Yan M, Xu W, Dong Y, et al. Phosphorus Enhanced Intermolecular Interactions of SnO2 and Graphene as an Ultrastable Lithium Battery Anode. Small. 2017;13(20):1603973.
14.          Soleimani-Amiri S, Safiabadi Tali SA, Azimi S, Sanaee Z, Mohajerzadeh S. Highly featured amorphous silicon nanorod arrays for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Applied Physics Letters. 2014;105(19):193903.
15.          Faramarzi MS, Abnavi A, Ghasemi S, Sanaee Z. Nanoribbons of SnO2 as a high performance Li-ion battery anode material. Materials Research Express. 2018;5(6):065040.
16.          de las Casas C, Li W. A review of application of carbon nanotubes for lithium ion battery anode material. Journal of Power Sources. 2012;208:74-85.
17.          Gao B, Bower C, Lorentzen JD, Fleming L, Kleinhammes A, Tang XP, et al. Enhanced saturation lithium composition in ball-milled single-walled carbon nanotubes. Chemical Physics Letters. 2000;327(1-2):69-75.
18.          Gao B, Kleinhammes A, Tang XP, Bower C, Fleming L, Wu Y, et al. Electrochemical intercalation of single-walled carbon nanotubes with lithium. Chemical Physics Letters. 1999;307(3-4):153-7.
19.          Shimoda H, Gao B, Tang XP, Kleinhammes A, Fleming L, Wu Y, et al. Lithium Intercalation into Opened Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes: Storage Capacity and Electronic Properties. Physical Review Letters. 2001;88(1).
20.          Maurin G. Electrochemical lithium intercalation into multiwall carbon nanotubes: a micro-Raman study. Solid State Ionics. 2000;136-137(1-2):1295-9.
21.          Yang ZH, Zhou YH, Sang SB, Feng Y, Wu HQ. Lithium insertion into multi-walled raw carbon nanotubes pre-doped with lithium. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 2005;89(2-3):295-9.
22.          Shin H. Electrochemical insertion of lithium into multi-walled carbon nanotubes prepared by catalytic decomposition. Journal of Power Sources. 2002;112(1):216-21.
23.          Claye AsS, Fischer JE, Huffman CB, Rinzler AG, Smalley RE. Solid-State Electrochemistry of the Li Single Wall Carbon Nanotube System. Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 2000;147(8):2845.
24.          Jeyaseelan AV, Rohan JF. Fabrication of three-dimensional substrates for Li microbatteries on Si. Applied Surface Science. 2009;256(3):S61-S4.
25.          Sun X, Huang H, Chu K-L, Zhuang Y. Anodized Macroporous Silicon Anode for Integration of Lithium-Ion Batteries on Chips. Journal of Electronic Materials. 2012;41(9):2369-75.
26.          Hahn R, Marquardt K, Thunman M, Topper M, Wilke M, Ferch M, et al. Silicon integrated micro batteries based on deep reactive ion etching and through silicon via technologies.  2012 IEEE 62nd Electronic Components and Technology Conference; 2012/05: IEEE; 2012.
27.          Notten PHL, Roozeboom F, Niessen RAH, Baggetto L. 3-D Integrated All-Solid-State Rechargeable Batteries. Advanced Materials. 2007;19(24):4564-7.
28.          Ge M, Rong J, Fang X, Zhou C. Porous Doped Silicon Nanowires for Lithium Ion Battery Anode with Long Cycle Life. Nano Letters. 2012;12(5):2318-23.
29.          Westover AS, Freudiger D, Gani ZS, Share K, Oakes L, Carter RE, et al. On-chip high power porous silicon lithium ion batteries with stable capacity over 10 000 cycles. Nanoscale. 2015;7(1):98-103.
30.          Hosseini SM, SAFIABADI TS, Sanaee Z. Carbon Nanotubes on ITO/Silicon Substrate for Fabrication of Silicon Based Lithium Ion Battery.
31.          Shin WH, Jeong HM, Kim BG, Kang JK, Choi JW. Nitrogen-Doped Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes for Lithium Storage with Extremely High Capacity. Nano Letters. 2012;12(5):2283-8.
32.          Li X, Liu J, Zhang Y, Li Y, Liu H, Meng X, et al. High concentration nitrogen doped carbon nanotube anodes with superior Li+ storage performance for lithium rechargeable battery application. Journal of Power Sources. 2012;197:238-45.
33.          Bulusheva LG, Okotrub AV, Kurenya AG, Zhang H, Zhang H, Chen X, et al. Electrochemical properties of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube anode in Li-ion batteries. Carbon. 2011;49(12):4013-23.
34.          Li J, Zhang F, Wang C, Shao C, Li B, Li Y, et al. Self nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes as anode materials for high capacity and cycling stability lithium-ion batteries. Materials & Design. 2017;133:169-75.
35.          Ding Y-L, Kopold P, Hahn K, van Aken PA, Maier J, Yu Y. Facile Solid-State Growth of 3D Well-Interconnected Nitrogen-Rich Carbon Nanotube-Graphene Hybrid Architectures for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Advanced Functional Materials. 2015;26(7):1112-9.
36.          Ren W, Li D, Liu H, Mi R, Zhang Y, Dong L, et al. Lithium storage performance of carbon nanotubes with different nitrogen contents as anodes in lithium ions batteries. Electrochimica Acta. 2013;105:75-82.
37.          Zhao Y, Yin F, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Mentbayeva A, Umirov N, et al. A Free-Standing Sulfur/Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotube Electrode for High-Performance Lithium/Sulfur Batteries. Nanoscale Research Letters. 2015;10(1).
38.          Lee JS, Manthiram A. Hydroxylated N-doped carbon nanotube-sulfur composites as cathodes for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries. Journal of Power Sources. 2017;343:54-9.
39.          Wang Z, Niu X, Xiao J, Wang C, Liu J, Gao F. First principles prediction of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes as a high-performance cathode for Li–S batteries. RSC Advances. 2013;3(37):16775.
40.          Mi R, Liu H, Wang H, Wong K-W, Mei J, Chen Y, et al. Effects of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes on the discharge performance of Li-air batteries. Carbon. 2014;67:744-52.
41.          Wang H-g, Wang Y, Li Y, Wan Y, Duan Q. Exceptional electrochemical performance of nitrogen-doped porous carbon for lithium storage. Carbon. 2015;82:116-23.
42.          Hulicova-Jurcakova D, Seredych M, Lu GQ, Bandosz TJ. Combined Effect of Nitrogen- and Oxygen-Containing Functional Groups of Microporous Activated Carbon on its Electrochemical Performance in Supercapacitors. Advanced Functional Materials. 2009;19(3):438-47.
43.          Mashayekhi A, Hosseini SM, Hassanpour Amiri M, Namdar N, Sanaee Z. Plasma-assisted nitrogen doping of VACNTs for efficiently enhancing the supercapacitor performance. Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 2016;18(6).
Journal of Ultrafine Grained and Nanostructured Materials
Volume 52, Issue 1
June 2019
Pages 78-83

  • Receive Date 27 February 2019
  • Revise Date 08 April 2019
  • Accept Date 12 May 2019