Journal of Ultrafine Grained and Nanostructured Materials

Journal of Ultrafine Grained and Nanostructured Materials

Gradual Change of Pulse Parameters as a New Strategy for Synthesis of Functionally Graded Ni-Cr Coatings

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors
Touraj Abedi 1
Shahin Khameneh Asl 1
Mohammadreza Etminanfar 2
1 Department of materials engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, university of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
2 Faculty of Materials Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
10.22059/JUFGNSM.2019.01.05
Abstract
Synthesis of functionally gradient coating was the main goal of researches to cover some deficiencies of metallic coatings. In this study, a new strategy for generating functionally gradient coatings of nickel-chromium on a carbon steel substrate using pulse electrodeposition has been presented. The gradual changes of the duty cycle and pulse frequency were used to generate the functionally gradient coating, and the chemical composition, microstructure, microhardness, wear and corrosion of them were investigated. Gradual changes of the duty cycle from 45 to 80% led to a gradient structure with a chromium content of 83% on the surface and 3% in the vicinity of the interface. Frequency changes had no significant effect on the chemical composition and did not result in the production of gradient coatings. In both groups, wear resistance improved related to the monolayer one so that weight loss in former group is reduced about 33-62% and in later group decreased almost 13-30%. Also, the corrosion current density in the samples deposited by gradual change of duty cycle was approximately 0.01-0.04 times of that for monolayer coatings. The microhardness value in the top layers of FGD coating was in the range of 650-800 HV 0.01 which reduced gradually towards the substrate. The high Cr content in the top layers is the reason for high hardness and good corrosion resistance.
Keywords
Electrodeposition
Functionally graded coating
Duty cycle
frequency
1.            Mahdavi S, Allahkaram SR. Composition, characteristics and tribological behavior of Cr, Co–Cr and Co–Cr/TiO 2 nano-composite coatings electrodeposited from trivalent chromium based baths. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2015;635:150-7.
2.            Bikulčius G, Češūnienė A, Matijošius T, Selskienė A. Dry sliding tribological behaviour of bilayer Cr/Cr coatings obtained in sulphate Cr(III) baths. Transactions of the IMF. 2018;96(3):130-6.
3.            Li J, Li Y, Tian X, Zou L, Zhao X, Wang S, et al. The Hardness and Corrosion Properties of Trivalent Chromium Hard Chromium. Materials Sciences and Applications. 2017;08(13):1014-26.
4.            Allahyarzadeh MH, Aliofkhazraei M, Rouhaghdam AS, Torabinejad V, Alimadadi H, Ashrafi A. Electrodeposition mechanism and corrosion behavior of multilayer nanocrystalline nickel-tungsten alloy. Electrochimica Acta. 2017;258:883-99.
5.            Etminanfar MR, Heydarzadeh Sohi M. Corrosion resistance of multilayer coatings of nanolayered Cr/Ni electrodeposited from Cr(III)–Ni(II) bath. Thin Solid Films. 2012;520(16):5322-7.
6.            Huang CA, Chen CY, Mayer J, Weirich T, Iskandar R. Nanosegregation of ternary Cr–Ni–Fe alloy deposits electrodeposited from a Cr3+-based bath. Materials Letters. 2013;93:107-10.
7.            Torabinejad V, Aliofkhazraei M, Sabour Rouhaghdam A, Allahyarzadeh MH. Corrosion properties of Ni-Fe-Cr (III) multilayer coating synthesized via pulse duty cycle variation. Materials and Corrosion. 2016;68(3):347-54.
8.            Torabinejad V, Aliofkhazraei M, Sabour Rouhaghdam A, Allahyarzadeh MH. Functionally Graded Coating of Ni-Fe Fabricated by Pulse Electrodeposition. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 2016;25(12):5494-501.
9.            Torabinejad V, Aliofkhazraei M, Sabour Rouhaghdam A, Allahyarzadeh MH. Tribological Behavior of Electrodeposited Ni-Fe Multilayer Coating. Tribology Transactions. 2016;60(5):923-31.
10.          Allahyarzadeh M, Aliofkhazraei M, Rouhaghdam AS, Torabinejad V. Electrodeposition of multilayer Ni–W and Ni–W–alumina nanocomposite coatings. Surface Engineering. 2017;33(5):327-36.
11.          Torabinejad V, Rouhaghdam AS, Aliofkhazraei M, Allahyarzadeh MH. Electrodeposition of Ni–Fe and Ni–Fe-(nano Al 2 O 3 ) multilayer coatings. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2016;657:526-36.
12.          Adelkhani H, Arshadi MR. Properties of Fe–Ni–Cr alloy coatings by using direct and pulse current electrodeposition. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2009;476(1-2):234-7.
13.          Harris TM. The Electrodeposition of Ni-Fe-Cr Alloys for Magnetic Thin Film Applications. Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 1995;142(4):1031.
14.          Lajevardi SA, Shahrabi T, Szpunar JA. Synthesis of functionally graded nano Al2O3–Ni composite coating by pulse electrodeposition. Applied Surface Science. 2013;279:180-8.
15.          Sharma A, Bhattacharya S, Das S, Das K. Fabrication of Sn nanostructures by template assisted pulse electrodeposition. Surface Engineering. 2016;32(5):378-84.
16.          Yang Y, Cheng YF. Fabrication of Ni–Co–SiC composite coatings by pulse electrodeposition — Effects of duty cycle and pulse frequency. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2013;216:282-8.
17.          Chen L, Wang L, Zeng Z, Xu T. Influence of pulse frequency on the microstructure and wear resistance of electrodeposited Ni–Al2O3 composite coatings. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2006;201(3-4):599-605.
18.          Allahyarzadeh MH, Aliofkhazraei M, Rezvanian AR, Torabinejad V, Sabour Rouhaghdam AR. Ni-W electrodeposited coatings: Characterization, properties and applications. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2016;307:978-1010.
19.          Sheibani Aghdam A, Allahkaram SR, Mahdavi S. Corrosion and tribological behavior of Ni–Cr alloy coatings electrodeposited on low carbon steel in Cr (III)–Ni (II) bath. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2015;281:144-9.
20.          Khorashadizade F, Saghafian H, Rastegari S. Effect of electrodeposition parameters on the microstructure and properties of Cu-TiO2 nanocomposite coating. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2019;770:98-107.
21.          Kurmanaeva L, McCrea J, Jian J, Fiebig J, Wang H, Mukherjee AK, et al. Influence of layer thickness on mechanical properties of multilayered NiFe samples processed by electrodeposition. Materials & Design. 2016;90:389-95.
22.          Torabinejad V, Aliofkhazraei M, Rouhaghdam AS, Allahyarzadeh MH. Tribological performance of Ni-Fe-Al2O3 multilayer coatings deposited by pulse electrodeposition. Wear. 2017;380-381:115-25.
23.          Segu DZ, Choi JH, Yi S, Kim SS. Dry Sliding Tribological Properties of Fe-Based Bulk Metallic Glass. Tribology Letters. 2012;47(1):131-8.
24.          Das S, Banthia S, Patra A, Sengupta S, Singh SB. Novel bilayer Zn Ni/Ni Co SiC nanocomposite coating with exceptional corrosion and wear properties by pulse electrodeposition. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2018;738:394-404.
25.          Ma C. Electrodeposited nanocrystalline Ni-Co and Co-Ni-P coatings for hard chromium replacement (Doctoral dissertation, University of Southampton).
26.          Allahyarzadeh MH, Aliofkhazraei M, Rouhaghdam ARS, Torabinejad V. Gradient electrodeposition of Ni-Cu-W(alumina) nanocomposite coating. Materials & Design. 2016;107:74-81.
27.          Shourgeshty M, Aliofkhazraei M, Karimzadeh A. Study on functionally graded Zn–Ni–Al2O3 coatings fabricated by pulse-electrodeposition. Surface Engineering. 2018;35(2):167-76.
28.          Ovid'ko IA. Deformation and Diffusion Modes in Nanocrystalline Materials. International Materials Reviews. 2005;50(2):65-82.
29.          Flores M, Muhl S, Andrade E. The relation between the plasma characteristic and the corrosion properties of TiN/Ti multilayers deposited by unbalanced magnetron sputtering. Thin Solid Films. 2003;433(1-2):217-23.
 
Journal of Ultrafine Grained and Nanostructured Materials
Volume 52, Issue 1
June 2019
Pages 43-56

  • Receive Date 02 March 2019
  • Revise Date 30 April 2019
  • Accept Date 05 May 2019